![]() On where the spectral energy is concentrated ( Moore and The complex, as well as spectral centroid cues, which would allow listeners to respond based Which would allow listeners to respond based on the lowest or highest frequency component in Some of the more salient spectral cues that need to be considered include spectral edge That listeners are responding to the pitch of a sound, spectral properties must be ![]() A sound with a high-frequency spectrum can therefore have a low pitch. Matched to the fundamental frequency, even when the fundamental frequency component isĪbsent. While pitch generally increases as the frequency of a pure tone increases, theĭepends on the fundamental frequency and, within limits, is heard whether the complexĬontains low- or high-frequency harmonics. Thus, infants' responses may have been either to changes in pitch or to the associated Recognize familiar melodies ( Plantinga and Trainor,Ģ009), and prefer high-pitched singing to low-pitched singing ( Trainor and Zacharias, 1998).Ī limitation of many of these studies is that the sounds used differed in both Byģ months, infants discriminate pitch contours in syllables of words ( Karzon and Nicholas, 1989), prefer infant-directedĬharacterized by exaggerated pitch contours ( Cooper and Aslin, Studies also suggest that infants are sensitive to pitch from a young age. Intervals ( Huotilainen et al., 2003 Háden et al., 2009 Stefanics et al., 2009), and changes in speech prosody ( Sambeth et al., 2008). ![]() Cortical responses in newborns have been recorded to changes in the pitch of harmonic complex The results of many studies suggest that the auditory system is already processing pitch in bothĪt birth. Infants' rapid acquisition of speech and enjoyment of music ( Jusczyk Early pitch-processing abilities are thought to enable Scales composed of notes with different pitch relationships and melodic contours composed of In music, pitch is an essential building block, with musical Important consequences for both speech and musicĮmotion ( Ohala, 1983 Trainor et al., 2000), is a cue for word segmentation ( Kemler Nelson et al., 1989), and canĬhange word meaning in tonal languages. These results provide evidence that complex Respond to the changed note of the melody in both experiments, strengthening the argument that complexĮlicit a sense of musical pitch in infants. Almost all participants learned to ignore the spectral changes and ![]() While in experiment II, the melodies were randomly transposed into one of three different keys onĮach presentation. In experiment I, all melodies had the same To ensure that participants were responding on theīasis of pitch, the notes in the melody had missing fundamentals and varied in spectralĬontent on each presentation. To a change that violated the melodic contour. Participants heard a seven-note melody and learned to respond Study investigated whether 3-month-olds, 7-month-olds, and adults can detect a change in a Although recent results show that 3-month-olds can discriminate complex tones by their missingįundamental, it is arguable whether they are discriminating on the basis of aĭefining characteristic of pitch is that it carries melodic
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